Muscle Anatomy & Physiology Review Questions

Anatomy Review Questions

1. Which muscle cell would you describe as elongated, multiple peripheral nuclei, visible striations and voluntary?
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
d. All of the above

2. Bundles of muscle cells (fibers) bound together by connective tissue to form functional units are?
a. Fascicle
b. Contractile unit
c. H zone
d. Perimysium

3. The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds individual muscle cell fibers and acts as insulation is?
a. Endomysium
b. Perimysium
c. Sarcolemma
d. ?

4. As discussed in class the intercalated disc in Cardiac muscle tissue is also known as the?
a. H zone
b. Z line
c. Sarcomere
d. A band

Neuromuscular Junction

5. The space between the axon terminal and motor end plate is?
a. Synaptic cleft
b. Sarcomere
c. Neuromuscular junction plate
d. T-Tubules

6. When an action potential travels to the axon terminal what happens?
a. Calcium migrates into the nerve causing the synaptic vesicles to migrate to the membrane of axon terminal.
b. The depolarization causes a more positive charge within the nerve.
c. Voltage regulated calcium channels close causing migration of calcium into the sarcolemma.
d. The synaptic cleft contracts causing a muscle impulse.

7. Which neurotransmitter pours into the synaptic cleft? What does it bind to?
a. Acetylcholine, receptor site of chemically regulated ion channels
b. Synaptic vesicles, calcium ion channels
c. Acetylcholine, calcium ion channels
d. Actylcholenesterase, sodium gated ion channels

8. Which ion travels through the opening of the ion channels and moves into “influxes” the motor end plate causing its depolarization?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. Acetylcholine

Sliding Filament Theory

9. The flexing movement of which molecule provides the “Power Stroke” in the sliding filament theory?
a. The myosin crossbridge
b. Tropomyosin structural change
c. Actin
d. The hinge of the myosin tail

10. Low energy conformation by the bonding of ATP and the subsequent hydrolysis of this high energy compound affects which molecule?
a. Myosin
b. Troponin
c. Neuromuscular Junction
d. Ion channels

11. Which is the major component of the thin filament in a double helical conformation?
a. Actin
b. Myosin
c. Tropomyosin
d. Troponin

12. Myosin has 2 binding sites, names them
a. ATP binding site, Actin binding site
b. ATP site, Troponin site
c. Myosin only, has one binding site
d. Calcium site, ATP site

13. Which filament prevents myosin crossbridge binding?
a. Tropomyosin
b. Troponin
c. Actin
d. Actinomyosin Crossbridge Prevention Center

14. Calcium Ions leave from where? to structurally change which molecule to expose the binding sites to allow the power stroke?
a. Terminal cisternae, Tropomyosin
b. Sarcolemma, Troponin
c. Terminal cisternae, Actin
d. T tubules, Myosin

15. The binding of ATP to the crossbridge initially causes what?
a. Crossbridge disconnecting from Actin
b. Crossbridge power stroke
c. Hydrolysis of inorganic phosphate
d. None of the above

16. After a power stroke, what powers the calcium pumps thus returning the calcium back to where it is stored and by what process is this called?
a. ATP, Diffusion
b. ADP, Active transport
c. ATP, Active transport
d. No energy needed, accomplished by diffusion

Metabolism

17. ADP becomes ATP by what process?
a. Hydrolysis
b. Dehydration synthesis
c. Hydrolytic catabolism
d. Gatorade, the thirst quencher!

18. Which part of the muscle cell in particular is most active in ATP synthesis?
a. Mitochondria
b. Nucleus
c. Myosin
d. Sarcolemma

19. What does creatine monophosphate donate to ADP to create ATP?
a. Phosphate group
b. Oxidative phosphorylation
c. High energy compounds
d. Blood

20. Glucose enters the muscle cell by what route or routes?
a. Directly from the bloodstream
b. Bloodstream and hydrolysis of Glycogen
c. Glycogen
d. Substrate phosphortation and Krebs cycle

21. In the absence of oxygen during Glycolysis what is the product?
a. Lactic acid
b. Glucose
c. 1 ATP
d. 36 ATP

22. The Krebs cycle needs what to operate?
a. Oxygen delivered by blood and/or myoglobin
b. Creatine phosphate
c. Oxygen delivered by blood
d. Gasoline and/or diesel

23. Pyruvic acid is changed into what while entering the kreb cycle? What is the harvest of just the Kreb cycle?
a. Lactic acid, 38 ATP
b. Lactic Acid, 36 ATP
c. Acetyl Coa, 38 ATP
d. Acetyl Coa, 36 ATP

24. Can lactic acid be converted back into Pyruvic acid for use in the Kreb cycle? Yes or No

25. Which muscle cell fiber would have few mitochondria, and uses Glycolysis as its major ATP source?
a. Red
b. White
c. Black
d. Cardiac

26. I am a muscle cell that is fast, strong, but easily fatigued, who am I?
a. Red
b. White
c. Larry the friendly muscle cell
d. Cardiac

27. Muscle cells that require endurance such as those of the back involved in posture are?
a. Red, slow twitch
b. Red, fast twitch
c. White, slow twitch
d. Itchy, twitchy fibers

28. A motor neuron and all of the muscle cells it stimulates?
a. Motor unit
b. Fascicle
c. Sarcomere
d. Neuromuscular Junction

29. What is the advantage of having only a few muscle cells per unit?
a. Generates precise movements
b. Allows for gross movements
c. Allows interneuron recruitment
d. Allows Elaine from the C.D. to sit in her Lazyboy eating drumsticks (I may give you credit for this one if you explain your answer)

30. The nearly constant state of low-level tension and resistance to stretch in a muscle is called what?
a. Muscle tone
b. Flacidness
c. Atonicity
d. Asynchronynous homeostasis

Bonus Questions

1. Describe what would happen if a motor nerve to a muscle is cut and why?

2. Describe in detail ATP role in the contraction of a muscle cell, all of its purposes!

Kindly post your answers in the comment box below.

Thank you.